1 | @c |
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2 | @c COPYRIGHT (c) 1988-2008. |
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3 | @c On-Line Applications Research Corporation (OAR). |
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4 | @c All rights reserved. |
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5 | @c |
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6 | @c $Id: memory.t,v 1.7 2008/02/29 00:23:04 joel Exp $ |
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7 | @c |
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8 | |
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9 | @chapter Memory Commands |
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10 | |
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11 | @section Introduction |
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12 | |
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13 | The RTEMS shell has the following memory commands: |
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14 | |
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15 | @itemize @bullet |
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16 | |
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17 | @item @code{mdump} - Display contents of memory |
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18 | @item @code{wdump} - Display contents of memory (word) |
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19 | @item @code{medit} - Modify contents of memory |
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20 | @item @code{mfill} - File memory with pattern |
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21 | @item @code{mmove} - Move contents of memory |
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22 | @item @code{malloc} - Obtain information on C Program Heap |
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23 | |
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24 | @end itemize |
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25 | |
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26 | @section Commands |
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27 | |
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28 | This section details the Memory Commands available. A |
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29 | subsection is dedicated to each of the commands and |
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30 | describes the behavior and configuration of that |
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31 | command as well as providing an example usage. |
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32 | |
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33 | @c |
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34 | @c |
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35 | @c |
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36 | @page |
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37 | @subsection mdump - display contents of memory |
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38 | |
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39 | @pgindex mdump |
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40 | |
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41 | @subheading SYNOPSYS: |
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42 | |
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43 | @example |
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44 | mdump [address [length]] |
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45 | @end example |
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46 | |
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47 | @subheading DESCRIPTION: |
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48 | |
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49 | This command displays the contents of memory at the @code{address} |
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50 | and @code{length} in bytes specified on the command line. |
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51 | |
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52 | When @code{length} is not provided, it defaults to @code{320} which |
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53 | is twenty lines of output with sixteen bytes of output per line. |
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54 | |
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55 | When @code{address} is not provided, it defaults to @code{0x00000000}. |
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56 | |
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57 | @subheading EXIT STATUS: |
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58 | |
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59 | This command always returns 0 to indicate success. |
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60 | |
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61 | @subheading NOTES: |
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62 | |
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63 | Dumping memory from a non-existent address may result in an unrecoverable |
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64 | program fault. |
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65 | |
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66 | @subheading EXAMPLES: |
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67 | |
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68 | The following is an example of how to use @code{mdump}: |
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69 | |
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70 | @smallexample |
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71 | SHLL [/] $ mdump 0x10000 32 |
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72 | 0x0001000000 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................ |
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73 | 0x0001001000 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................ |
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74 | SHLL [/] $ mdump 0x02000000 32 |
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75 | 0x02000000A1 48 00 00 29 00 80 33-81 C5 22 BC A6 10 21 00 .H..)..3.."...!. |
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76 | 0x02000010A1 48 00 00 29 00 80 33-81 C5 22 BC A6 10 21 01 .H..)..3.."...!. |
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77 | SHLL [/] $ mdump 0x02001000 32 |
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78 | 0x0200100003 00 80 00 82 10 60 00-81 98 40 00 83 48 00 00 ......`...@..H.. |
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79 | 0x0200101084 00 60 01 84 08 A0 07-86 10 20 01 87 28 C0 02 ..`....... ..(.. |
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80 | @end smallexample |
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81 | |
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82 | @subheading CONFIGURATION: |
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83 | |
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84 | @findex CONFIGURE_SHELL_NO_COMMAND_MDUMP |
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85 | @findex CONFIGURE_SHELL_COMMAND_MDUMP |
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86 | |
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87 | This command is included in the default shell command set. |
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88 | When building a custom command set, define |
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89 | @code{CONFIGURE_SHELL_COMMAND_MDUMP} to have this |
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90 | command included. |
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91 | |
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92 | This command can be excluded from the shell command set by |
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93 | defining @code{CONFIGURE_SHELL_NO_COMMAND_MDUMP} when all |
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94 | shell commands have been configured. |
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95 | |
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96 | @subheading PROGRAMMING INFORMATION: |
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97 | |
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98 | @findex rtems_shell_rtems_main_mdump |
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99 | |
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100 | The @code{mdump} is implemented by a C language function |
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101 | which has the following prototype: |
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102 | |
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103 | @example |
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104 | int rtems_shell_rtems_main_mdump( |
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105 | int argc, |
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106 | char **argv |
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107 | ); |
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108 | @end example |
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109 | |
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110 | The configuration structure for the @code{mdump} has the |
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111 | following prototype: |
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112 | |
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113 | @example |
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114 | extern rtems_shell_cmd_t rtems_shell_MDUMP_Command; |
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115 | @end example |
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116 | |
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117 | @c |
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118 | @c |
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119 | @c |
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120 | @page |
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121 | @subsection wdump - display contents of memory (word) |
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122 | |
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123 | @pgindex wdump |
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124 | |
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125 | @subheading SYNOPSYS: |
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126 | |
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127 | @example |
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128 | wdump [address [length]] |
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129 | @end example |
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130 | |
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131 | @subheading DESCRIPTION: |
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132 | |
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133 | This command displays the contents of memory at the @code{address} |
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134 | and @code{length} in bytes specified on the command line. |
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135 | |
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136 | When @code{length} is not provided, it defaults to @code{320} which |
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137 | is twenty lines of output with sixteen bytes of output per line. |
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138 | |
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139 | When @code{address} is not provided, it defaults to @code{0x00000000}. |
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140 | |
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141 | @subheading EXIT STATUS: |
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142 | |
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143 | This command always returns 0 to indicate success. |
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144 | |
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145 | @subheading NOTES: |
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146 | |
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147 | Dumping memory from a non-existent address may result in an unrecoverable |
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148 | program fault. |
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149 | |
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150 | @subheading EXAMPLES: |
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151 | |
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152 | The following is an example of how to use @code{wdump}: |
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153 | |
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154 | @smallexample |
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155 | SHLL [/] $ wdump 0x02010000 32 |
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156 | 0x02010000 0201 08D8 0201 08C0-0201 08AC 0201 0874 ...............t |
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157 | 0x02010010 0201 0894 0201 0718-0201 0640 0201 0798 ...........@.... |
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158 | @end smallexample |
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159 | |
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160 | @subheading CONFIGURATION: |
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161 | |
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162 | @findex CONFIGURE_SHELL_NO_COMMAND_WDUMP |
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163 | @findex CONFIGURE_SHELL_COMMAND_WDUMP |
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164 | |
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165 | This command is included in the default shell command set. |
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166 | When building a custom command set, define |
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167 | @code{CONFIGURE_SHELL_COMMAND_WDUMP} to have this |
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168 | command included. |
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169 | |
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170 | This command can be excluded from the shell command set by |
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171 | defining @code{CONFIGURE_SHELL_NO_COMMAND_WDUMP} when all |
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172 | shell commands have been configured. |
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173 | |
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174 | @subheading PROGRAMMING INFORMATION: |
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175 | |
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176 | @findex rtems_shell_rtems_main_wdump |
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177 | |
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178 | The @code{wdump} is implemented by a C language function |
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179 | which has the following prototype: |
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180 | |
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181 | @example |
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182 | int rtems_shell_rtems_main_wdump( |
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183 | int argc, |
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184 | char **argv |
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185 | ); |
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186 | @end example |
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187 | |
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188 | The configuration structure for the @code{wdump} has the |
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189 | following prototype: |
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190 | |
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191 | @example |
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192 | extern rtems_shell_cmd_t rtems_shell_WDUMP_Command; |
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193 | @end example |
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194 | |
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195 | @c |
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196 | @c |
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197 | @c |
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198 | @page |
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199 | @subsection medit - modify contents of memory |
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200 | |
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201 | @pgindex medit |
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202 | |
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203 | @subheading SYNOPSYS: |
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204 | |
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205 | @example |
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206 | medit address value1 [value2 ... valueN] |
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207 | @end example |
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208 | |
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209 | @subheading DESCRIPTION: |
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210 | |
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211 | This command is used to modify the contents of the memory starting |
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212 | at @code{address} using the octets specified by the parameters |
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213 | @code{value1} through @code{valueN}. |
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214 | |
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215 | @subheading EXIT STATUS: |
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216 | |
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217 | This command returns 0 on success and non-zero if an error is encountered. |
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218 | |
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219 | @subheading NOTES: |
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220 | |
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221 | Dumping memory from a non-existent address may result in an unrecoverable |
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222 | program fault. |
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223 | |
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224 | @subheading EXAMPLES: |
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225 | |
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226 | The following is an example of how to use @code{medit}: |
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227 | |
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228 | @smallexample |
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229 | SHLL [/] $ mdump 0x02000000 32 |
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230 | 0x02000000 A1 48 00 00 29 00 80 33-81 C5 22 BC A6 10 21 00 .H..)..3.."...!. |
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231 | 0x02000010 A1 48 00 00 29 00 80 33-81 C5 22 BC A6 10 21 01 .H..)..3.."...!. |
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232 | SHLL [/] $ medit 0x02000000 0x01 0x02 0x03 0x04 0x05 0x06 0x07 0x08 0x09 |
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233 | SHLL [/] $ mdump 0x02000000 32 |
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234 | 0x02000000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08-09 00 22 BC A6 10 21 00 .........."...!. |
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235 | 0x02000010 A1 48 00 00 29 00 80 33-81 C5 22 BC A6 10 21 01 .H..)..3.."...!. |
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236 | @end smallexample |
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237 | |
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238 | @subheading CONFIGURATION: |
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239 | |
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240 | @findex CONFIGURE_SHELL_NO_COMMAND_MEDIT |
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241 | @findex CONFIGURE_SHELL_COMMAND_MEDIT |
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242 | |
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243 | This command is included in the default shell command set. |
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244 | When building a custom command set, define |
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245 | @code{CONFIGURE_SHELL_COMMAND_MEDIT} to have this |
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246 | command included. |
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247 | |
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248 | This command can be excluded from the shell command set by |
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249 | defining @code{CONFIGURE_SHELL_NO_COMMAND_MEDIT} when all |
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250 | shell commands have been configured. |
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251 | |
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252 | @subheading PROGRAMMING INFORMATION: |
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253 | |
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254 | @findex rtems_shell_rtems_main_medit |
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255 | |
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256 | The @code{medit} is implemented by a C language function |
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257 | which has the following prototype: |
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258 | |
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259 | @example |
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260 | int rtems_shell_rtems_main_medit( |
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261 | int argc, |
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262 | char **argv |
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263 | ); |
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264 | @end example |
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265 | |
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266 | The configuration structure for the @code{medit} has the |
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267 | following prototype: |
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268 | |
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269 | @example |
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270 | extern rtems_shell_cmd_t rtems_shell_MEDIT_Command; |
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271 | @end example |
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272 | |
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273 | @c |
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274 | @c |
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275 | @c |
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276 | @page |
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277 | @subsection mfill - file memory with pattern |
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278 | |
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279 | @pgindex mfill |
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280 | |
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281 | @subheading SYNOPSYS: |
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282 | |
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283 | @example |
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284 | mfill address length value |
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285 | @end example |
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286 | |
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287 | @subheading DESCRIPTION: |
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288 | |
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289 | This command is used to fill the memory starting at @code{address} |
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290 | for the specified @code{length} in octets when the specified at |
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291 | @code{value}. |
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292 | |
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293 | @subheading EXIT STATUS: |
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294 | |
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295 | This command returns 0 on success and non-zero if an error is encountered. |
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296 | |
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297 | @subheading NOTES: |
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298 | |
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299 | Filling a non-existent address range may result in an unrecoverable |
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300 | program fault. Similarly overwriting interrupt vector tables, code |
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301 | space or critical data areas can be fatal as shown in the example. |
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302 | |
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303 | @subheading EXAMPLES: |
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304 | |
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305 | In this example, the address used (@code{0x23d89a0}) as the base |
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306 | address of the filled area is the end of the stack for the |
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307 | Idle thread. This address was determined manually using gdb and |
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308 | is very specific to this application and BSP. The first command |
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309 | in this example is an @code{mdump} to display the initial contents |
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310 | of this memory. We see that the first 8 bytes are 0xA5 which is |
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311 | the pattern used as a guard by the Stack Checker. On |
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312 | the first context switch after the pattern is overwritten |
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313 | by the @code{mfill} command, the Stack Checker detect the pattern |
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314 | has been corrupted and generates a fatal error. |
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315 | |
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316 | @smallexample |
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317 | SHLL [/] $ mdump 0x23d89a0 16 |
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318 | 0x023D89A0 A5 A5 A5 A5 A5 A5 A5 A5-FE ED F0 0D 0B AD 0D 06 ................ |
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319 | SHLL [/] $ mfill 0x23d89a0 13 0x5a |
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320 | SHLL [/] $ BLOWN STACK!!! Offending task(0x23D4418): id=0x09010001; name=0x0203D908 |
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321 | stack covers range 0x23D89A0 - 0x23D99AF (4112 bytes) |
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322 | Damaged pattern begins at 0x023D89A8 and is 16 bytes long |
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323 | @end smallexample |
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324 | |
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325 | @subheading CONFIGURATION: |
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326 | |
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327 | @findex CONFIGURE_SHELL_NO_COMMAND_MFILL |
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328 | @findex CONFIGURE_SHELL_COMMAND_MFILL |
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329 | |
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330 | This command is included in the default shell command set. |
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331 | When building a custom command set, define |
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332 | @code{CONFIGURE_SHELL_COMMAND_MFILL} to have this |
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333 | command included. |
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334 | |
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335 | This command can be excluded from the shell command set by |
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336 | defining @code{CONFIGURE_SHELL_NO_COMMAND_MFILL} when all |
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337 | shell commands have been configured. |
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338 | |
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339 | @subheading PROGRAMMING INFORMATION: |
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340 | |
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341 | @findex rtems_shell_rtems_main_mfill |
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342 | |
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343 | The @code{mfill} is implemented by a C language function |
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344 | which has the following prototype: |
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345 | |
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346 | @example |
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347 | int rtems_shell_rtems_main_mfill( |
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348 | int argc, |
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349 | char **argv |
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350 | ); |
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351 | @end example |
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352 | |
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353 | The configuration structure for the @code{mfill} has the |
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354 | following prototype: |
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355 | |
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356 | @example |
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357 | extern rtems_shell_cmd_t rtems_shell_MFILL_Command; |
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358 | @end example |
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359 | |
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360 | @c |
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361 | @c |
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362 | @c |
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363 | @page |
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364 | @subsection mmove - move contents of memory |
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365 | |
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366 | @pgindex mmove |
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367 | |
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368 | @subheading SYNOPSYS: |
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369 | |
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370 | @example |
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371 | mmove dst src length |
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372 | @end example |
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373 | |
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374 | @subheading DESCRIPTION: |
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375 | |
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376 | This command is used to copy the contents of the memory |
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377 | starting at @code{src} to the memory located at @code{dst} |
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378 | for the specified @code{length} in octets. |
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379 | |
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380 | @subheading EXIT STATUS: |
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381 | |
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382 | This command returns 0 on success and non-zero if an error is encountered. |
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383 | |
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384 | @subheading NOTES: |
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385 | |
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386 | NONE |
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387 | |
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388 | @subheading EXAMPLES: |
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389 | |
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390 | The following is an example of how to use @code{mmove}: |
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391 | |
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392 | @smallexample |
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393 | SHLL [/] $ mdump 0x023d99a0 16 |
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394 | 0x023D99A0 A5 A5 A5 A5 A5 A5 A5 A5-A5 A5 A5 A5 A5 A5 A5 A5 ................ |
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395 | SHLL [/] $ mdump 0x02000000 16 |
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396 | 0x02000000 A1 48 00 00 29 00 80 33-81 C5 22 BC A6 10 21 00 .H..)..3.."...!. |
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397 | SHLL [/] $ mmove 0x023d99a0 0x02000000 13 |
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398 | SHLL [/] $ mdump 0x023d99a0 16 |
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399 | 0x023D99A0 A1 48 00 00 29 00 80 33-81 C5 22 BC A6 A5 A5 A5 .H..)..3.."..... |
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400 | @end smallexample |
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401 | |
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402 | @subheading CONFIGURATION: |
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403 | |
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404 | @findex CONFIGURE_SHELL_NO_COMMAND_MMOVE |
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405 | @findex CONFIGURE_SHELL_COMMAND_MMOVE |
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406 | |
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407 | This command is included in the default shell command set. |
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408 | When building a custom command set, define |
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409 | @code{CONFIGURE_SHELL_COMMAND_MMOVE} to have this |
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410 | command included. |
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411 | |
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412 | This command can be excluded from the shell command set by |
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413 | defining @code{CONFIGURE_SHELL_NO_COMMAND_MMOVE} when all |
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414 | shell commands have been configured. |
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415 | |
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416 | @subheading PROGRAMMING INFORMATION: |
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417 | |
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418 | @findex rtems_shell_rtems_main_mmove |
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419 | |
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420 | The @code{mmove} is implemented by a C language function |
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421 | which has the following prototype: |
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422 | |
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423 | @example |
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424 | int rtems_shell_rtems_main_mmove( |
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425 | int argc, |
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426 | char **argv |
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427 | ); |
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428 | @end example |
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429 | |
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430 | The configuration structure for the @code{mmove} has the |
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431 | following prototype: |
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432 | |
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433 | @example |
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434 | extern rtems_shell_cmd_t rtems_shell_MMOVE_Command; |
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435 | @end example |
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436 | |
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437 | @c |
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438 | @c |
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439 | @c |
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440 | @page |
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441 | @subsection malloc - obtain information on C program heap |
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442 | |
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443 | @pgindex malloc |
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444 | |
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445 | @subheading SYNOPSYS: |
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446 | |
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447 | @example |
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448 | malloc [info|stats] |
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449 | @end example |
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450 | |
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451 | @subheading DESCRIPTION: |
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452 | |
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453 | This command prints either information or statistics about the |
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454 | C Program Heap used by the @code{malloc} family of calls based upon |
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455 | the value of the first argument passed to the command. |
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456 | |
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457 | When the subcommand @code{info} is specified, information on the |
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458 | current state of the C Program Heap is reported. This includes the following |
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459 | information: |
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460 | |
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461 | @itemize @bullet |
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462 | @item Number of free blocks |
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463 | @item Largest free block |
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464 | @item Total bytes free |
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465 | @item Number of used blocks |
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466 | @item Largest used block |
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467 | @item Total bytes used |
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468 | @end itemize |
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469 | |
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470 | When the subcommand @code{stats} is specified, statistics on the |
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471 | the C Program Heap are reported. Malloc Family Statistics must |
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472 | be enabled for all of the values to be updated. The statistics |
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473 | available includes the following information: |
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474 | |
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475 | @itemize @bullet |
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476 | @item |
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477 | @item Currently available memory (in kilobytes) |
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478 | @item Currently allocated memory (in kilobytes) |
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479 | @item Maximum amount of memory ever allocated (in kilobytes) |
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480 | @item Lifetime tally of allocated memory (in kilobytes) |
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481 | @item Lifetime tally of freed memory (in kilobytes) |
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482 | @item Number of calls to @code{malloc} |
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483 | @item Number of calls to @code{free} |
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484 | @item Number of calls to @code{realloc} |
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485 | @item Number of calls to @code{calloc} |
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486 | @end itemize |
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487 | |
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488 | @subheading EXIT STATUS: |
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489 | |
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490 | This command returns 0 on success and non-zero if an error is encountered. |
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491 | |
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492 | @subheading NOTES: |
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493 | |
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494 | @findex CONFIGURE_MALLOC_STATISTICS |
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495 | |
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496 | The @code{CONFIGURE_MALLOC_STATISTICS} @code{confdefs.h} constant |
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497 | must be defined when the application is configured for the full |
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498 | set of statistics information to be available. |
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499 | |
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500 | @subheading EXAMPLES: |
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501 | |
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502 | The following is an example of how to use the @code{malloc} command. |
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503 | |
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504 | @example |
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505 | SHLL [/] $ malloc info |
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506 | Number of free blocks: 3 |
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507 | Largest free block: 3626672 |
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508 | Total bytes free: 3627768 |
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509 | Number of used blocks: 130 |
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510 | Largest used block: 1048 |
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511 | Total bytes used: 10136 |
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512 | SHLL [/] $ malloc stats |
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513 | Malloc statistics |
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514 | avail:3552k allocated:9k (0%) max:10k (0%) lifetime:21k freed:12k |
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515 | Call counts: malloc:203 free:93 realloc:0 calloc:20 |
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516 | SHLL [/] $ malloc info |
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517 | Number of free blocks: 3 |
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518 | Largest free block: 3626672 |
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519 | Total bytes free: 3627768 |
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520 | Number of used blocks: 130 |
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521 | Largest used block: 1048 |
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522 | Total bytes used: 10136 |
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523 | SHLL [/] $ malloc stats |
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524 | Malloc statistics |
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525 | avail:3552k allocated:9k (0%) max:10k (0%) lifetime:23k freed:14k |
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526 | Call counts: malloc:205 free:95 realloc:0 calloc:20 |
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527 | @end example |
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528 | |
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529 | Note that in the above example, the lifetime allocated and free |
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530 | values have increased between the two calls to @code{malloc stats} |
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531 | even though the amount of memory available in the C Program Heap |
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532 | is the same in both the @code{malloc info} invocations. This indicates |
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533 | that memory was allocated and freed as a side-effect of the commands. |
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534 | |
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535 | @subheading CONFIGURATION: |
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536 | |
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537 | @findex CONFIGURE_SHELL_NO_COMMAND_MALLOC |
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538 | @findex CONFIGURE_SHELL_COMMAND_MALLOC |
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539 | |
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540 | This command is included in the default shell command set. |
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541 | When building a custom command set, define |
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542 | @code{CONFIGURE_SHELL_COMMAND_MALLOC} to have this |
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543 | command included. |
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544 | |
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545 | This command can be excluded from the shell command set by |
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546 | defining @code{CONFIGURE_SHELL_NO_COMMAND_MALLOC} when all |
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547 | shell commands have been configured. |
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548 | |
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549 | @subheading PROGRAMMING INFORMATION: |
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550 | |
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551 | @findex rtems_shell_rtems_main_malloc |
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552 | |
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553 | The @code{malloc} is implemented by a C language function |
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554 | which has the following prototype: |
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555 | |
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556 | @example |
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557 | int rtems_shell_rtems_main_malloc( |
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558 | int argc, |
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559 | char **argv |
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560 | ); |
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561 | @end example |
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562 | |
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563 | The configuration structure for the @code{malloc} has the |
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564 | following prototype: |
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565 | |
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566 | @example |
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567 | extern rtems_shell_cmd_t rtems_shell_MALLOC_Command; |
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568 | @end example |
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569 | |
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